Analysis of words by sounds. Schemes and examples

During the schooling of the Russian languagestudents get acquainted with different types of analysis. This is the lexical analysis of the word, and analysis of the composition and modes of education. Children learn to disassemble the proposal for members, identify its syntactic and punctuation features. And also produce many other language operations.

Justification of the topic

After repeating the material covered inprimary school, students of the 5 th grade begin the first major section of linguistics - phonetics. The completion of his study is the analysis of the word by sounds. Why exactly with phonetics does serious and deep acquaintance with native speech begin? The answer is simple. The text consists of sentences, sentences - from words, and words - from sounds, which are the same bricks, building material, the primary principle of the language, not only Russian, but any. That is why the analysis of the word on sounds - the beginning of the formation of practical skills and abilities of school students in linguistic work.

The concept of phonetic analysis

What exactly does it include, and what do you need to know?schoolchildren to successfully cope with tasks phonetic? First, it is good to navigate in syllabic division. Secondly, the analysis of words by sounds can not be performed without a clear distinction between vowels and consonant phonemes, paired and unpaired, weak and strong positions. Thirdly, if it (the word) includes iotirovannye, soft or hard elements, doubled letters, the student should also be able to navigate, which letter is used to refer to a particular sound on the letter. And even such complex processes as accommodation or assimilation (assimilation) and dissimilation (disintegration) should also be well studied by them (although these terms are not mentioned in the textbooks, nevertheless, the children become acquainted with these concepts). Naturally, the analysis of words by sounds can not be made if the child does not know how to transcribe, does not know the elementary rules of transcription. Therefore, the teacher should seriously and responsibly approach the teaching of the "Phonetics" section.

Theoretical recommendations

What is the scheme for parsing the word bysounds? What stages does it include? Let us examine this in detail. To begin with, the token is written out of the text, a "dash" is put, after which it is spelled again, only already divided into syllables. It is stressed. Then square brackets are opened, and the student should transcribe the word - to write down as it is heard, ie, to reveal its sound envelope, to indicate the softness of the phonemes, if any, etc. Next under the transcription option, you need to skip the line, hold down vertical line. Before it in the column all the letters of the word are written down, after - in the square brackets the sounds are given and their full characteristic is given. At the end of the analysis, a small horizontal line is drawn and, as a summary, the number of letters and sounds in the word is noted.

Example one

How does all this look in practice, i.e., in a school notebook? First we make a trial analysis of the word by the sounds. Examples of analysis will provide an opportunity to understand many of the nuances. We record: a blanket. We divide into syllables: on-kra-va'-lo. Transcribe: [Pakryva'la]. We analyze:

n - [n] is a consonant sound; it is deaf, pair, pair - [b], solid;

o - [a] is a vowel sound, unstressed;

k - [k] - sound according to, he is deaf, paired, [pair - g], hard;

p - [p] - sound consonant, sonorous, therefore unpaired in voiced, hard;

s - [s] is a vowel, in this position unstressed;

в - [в] - this sound according to., is sonorous, its pair - [ф], hard;

a - [a'] - a vowel sound, in a shock position;

l - [l] - this is the sound according to the sonoristic, therefore unpaired, solid;

o - [a] - consonant, unstressed.

Total: 9 letters in the word and 9 sounds; the number of them completely coincides.

Example of the second

analysis of the word spruce by the sounds

Let's see how to parse the word "friends"by sounds. We act according to the scheme already outlined. We divide it into syllables, put emphasis: dr-zya'. Now we write down in the transcribed form: [druz "d" a']. And we analyze:

q - [q] - consonant, it is sonorous and is pair, the pair - [t], solid;

p - [p] - according to, sonorous, sonorous, unpaired, hard;

y - [y] - vowel, unstressed;

s - [s "] - acc., is sonorous, has a deaf couple - [c], soft and also paired: [s];

b - sound does not mean;

I - [d]] - half-voiced, sonorous always, therefore unpaired, always soft;

[a'] - vowel, percussion.

In this word 6 letters and 6 sounds. Their number coincides, since b does not mean sound, and the letter H after the soft sign denotes two sounds.

Example third

We show how to parse the word "language" by sounds. You know the algorithm. Write it out and divide it into syllables: i-zyk. Transcribe: [y "find ']. Disassemble phonetically:

I - [d]] - half-voiced, sonorous, unpaired always, only soft;

[a] - this sound is vowel and unstressed;

s - [s] - according to, sonorous, pair, pair - [s], solid;

s - [s'] - vowel, percussion;

k - [k] - consonant, deaf, pair, [r], hard.

The word consists of 4 letters and 5 sounds. Their number does not match because the letter I stands in the absolute beginning and stands for 2 sounds.

Example Fourth

Let's see what the analysis of the word "protein" looks like in terms of sounds. After the discharge of it, produce the leasing: protein. Now transcribe: [b "e'lka]. And make an alphanumeric analysis:

b - [b] - according to, ringing, doubled, [n], soft;

e - [e'] - vowel, percussion;

l - [l] - according to, sonorous, unpaired, in this case solid;

k - [k] - cont., deaf, twin, [r], solid;

a - [a] - vowel, unstressed.

The analysis of the word language by sounds

In this word, the same number of letters and sounds - by 5. As you can see, it is quite easy to make a phonetic analysis of this word. It is important only to pay attention to the nuances of his pronunciation.

Example 5

Now let's parse the word "spruce" bysounds. For fifth graders, this should be interesting. It will help to replicate and fix the phonetic features of the iotated vowels. There is a word from one syllable, which is also unusual for students. It's transcribed like this: [ye''l]. Now let's analyze:

e - [d "] - half-voiced, sonorous, unpaired, soft;

[e'] - vowel, percussion;

l - [n '] - consonant, sonorous, therefore unpaired, in this word soft;

it does not mean sound.

Thus, in the word "spruce" 3 letters and 3 sounds. The letter E denotes 2 sounds, since it stands at the beginning of the word, and the soft sign of the sounds does not signify.

Draw conclusions

We gave examples of phonetic analysis of words,consisting of a different number of syllables and sounds. Teacher, explaining the topic, teaching his students, should try to fill their vocabulary with appropriate terminology. Speaking about the sounds of "H", "P", "L", "M", you should call them sonorous, simultaneously pointing out that they are always sonorous and therefore do not have a pair of deafness. [Y] is not sonorous, but also only sonorous, and on this parameter adjoins the 4 previous ones. Moreover, earlier it was believed that this sound refers to consonants, but it's fair to call it semi-clear, because it's very close to the sound [and]. How best to remember them? Write a sentence with the children: "We did not see a friend." It includes all the sonar ones.

Special cases of parsing

In order to correctly determine the phoneticstructure of the word, it is important to be able to listen to it. For example, the wordform of "horses" will have this kind in transcription: [lashid "e'y"], "rain" - [do'sh]. It's rather difficult to understand the fifth-graders themselves with such and similar cases. to analyze interesting examples and to draw the attention of students to some linguistic subtleties.It concerns also such words as "holiday", "yeast", ie, containing doubled or unpronounceable consonants.In practice, it looks like this: idler, [ pra'z "n" ik], trembling, [dro'zhy] .You should spend on h mouth, indicating the duration of the sound. Non-standard here and the role of the letter I. Here, it refers to the sound s.

On the role of transcription

For what the word must be transcribed? Phonetic analysis helps to see the graphic appearance of the token. That is, to show clearly how the word looks in its sound shell. What is the general purpose of this analysis? It consists not only in comparing the linguistic units (letters and sounds, their number). Phonetic analysis makes it possible to trace in which positions the same letter designates different sounds. So, traditionally it is believed that in Russian the vowel "e" always stands in a strong shock position. However, in words of a foreign origin this rule does not work. The same is true for complex lexemes consisting of two or more roots. For example, the adjective three core. The transcription of it is as follows: [tp "ioh" a'd "irny"]. As you can see, the shock here is the sound [a].

On the issue of leasing

Syllabeling is also a rather complex issue forfifth-graders. Usually the teacher focuses the children on this rule: how many words of vowel letters, so many syllables. Ре-ка: 2 syllables; on-the-soul-ka: 3 syllables. These are the so-called simple cases when vowels are in the environment of consonants. The situation is somewhat more difficult for children. For example, in the word "blue" there is a concatenation of vowels. Schoolchildren find it difficult to divide such variants into syllables. It should be explained to them that the rule remains unchanged: si-nya-I (3 syllables).

These are the features that are observed in phonetic analysis.