Pre-revolutionary foundations of law in Russia

Basics of law - the foundation on which to buildmost of the existing relations and interactions between members of society, countries and organizations. They are the main indicators of civilization, in which life is subject to certain laws. By and large, the foundations of law are

a measure that determines maturity and consistencystate, society as a whole. They appeared at the dawn of history and became an inalienable characteristic determining the measure of responsibility and the degree of freedom of a person.

In our country in the history of hisexistence of the basis of law experienced a series of metamorphoses. Originally in Russia, as, indeed, in any other state, guided by the traditions of the tribal community. Not considered a savage, for example, blood feud or murder of a commoner. The fundamentals of the criminal law of the Russian state are first prescribed in the so-called "Russian Truth", dating from the mid-11th-12th centuries. There were no differences between the criminal or civil crime, and any crime was called "offense" only, which suggests that the measure of punishment was more emotional than legal.

With the development of statehood and the change of the systemThere were also more advanced documents, including the Code of the mid-15th-early 16th centuries, the Cathedral Statute of the middle of the 17th century, and the Petrovsky Warrior's Articwe, which can be considered the first criminal code. In this document, the crimes were divided into a number of categories, the concept of unintentional atrocity was introduced, criminal actions against the individual and against the state as a whole were delineated. It is for the first time that it is spoken about the need to find out the causes of death and track the cause-effect relationships.

The foundations of family law in our country alsohave gone a very long way. Pre-Christian Rus was guided by ancient traditions. The foundations of law in this area were reflected in the "Pilot Book" - the translation of texts of Byzantine princes. Church wedding was taken in the XI century and, unlike the Catholic branch of Christianity, Orthodox Russia allowed the possibility of a divorce.

Marriages with representatives of another faith wereprohibited. Surprisingly, in Ancient Russia a woman could be the owner of property. As for the relations between fathers and children, at that time the legitimacy of the origin of the child did not matter much, in contrast to the later rules of the mid-17th century, when the illegitimate was not recognized even if the parents were married after his birth.

Like the basis of criminal law, family relationswere ordered in the era of Peter. It is during this period that the role of secular canons is strengthened, which are reflected in the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. A significant role is given to the voluntary conclusion of marriage. The Orthodox could have a family with representatives of other Christian movements, an age limit increases, after which it was possible to become a husband or wife. If earlier to be married could be girls at the age of 13 and boys from 15 years, the Code already says about 16 and 18 respectively. The unlimited power of a man acquires more civilized forms. Since the middle of the 10th century, physical punishment of the wife and children has been prohibited.