The climate of Siberia. Features of the Siberian climate

Siberia is a huge picturesque area,which occupies more than 60% of the total area of ​​Russia. It lies in three climatic zones (temperate, subarctic and arctic), so the natural conditions and the weather differ noticeably in different subjects of the Federation. This article describes only general information and features of the climate in the region.

Climate of Western Siberia

Western Siberia extends from the Ural Mountains to the Yenisei River. The West Siberian Plain occupies the greater part of its territory. The climate in this territory is continental.

Features of climate are formed from indicatorsweather regimes of all subjects of the Russian Federation located in this part of Siberia. Completely on the expanses of Western Siberia lie the Trans-Urals, Omsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk and Tomsk regions, as well as the Altai Territory and the Republic of Khakassia. Partly here are Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen and Orenburg regions, the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Republic of Bashkortostan, as well as KhMAO and Yamal.

Precipitation, wind

The climate of Siberia in its western part is not affected by the Atlantic air masses, since this territory is well protected by the Ural Mountains.

From April to September in Western Siberiathe winds, brought from the Arctic Ocean and from the east, prevail. In the form of cyclones and anticyclones arctic air masses come, bringing with them a coolness.

From the south and south-west blow dry Asian winds (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan) and in the cold weather bring with them a clear and frosty weather.

The weather in Siberia is stable, soThe average annual precipitation rarely changes in one direction or the other. In a year approximately 300-600 mm of atmospheric moisture falls out, most of which falls on summer and autumn. It's meteorological precipitation in the form of rain. Snow falls around 100 mm almost throughout the entire Western Siberia. Of course, this is an average. For example, in autonomous regions the snow cover reaches a level of 60-80 cm. By comparison, in the Omsk region this mark barely reaches 40 cm.

Temperature conditions

Features of the climate of Siberia in its western part inThat most of the territory there is occupied by swamps. They have a huge impact on temperature regimes, humidity, which entails a decrease in the influence of the continental climate.

Winter in the north of Western Siberia lasts aboutnine months, in the center - about seven. The south was a little more fortunate, there the climatic winter reigns for five months. These calculations are directly related to the average air temperature in each region. Thus, the southern part of Western Siberia has a mid-winter temperature of -16 ° C, and the northern part at -30 ° C.

Summer also does not please these regions, as the average temperature ranges from + 1 ° C (in the north) to + 20 ° C (in the south).

The lowest mark on the thermometer was fixed at -62 ° C in the valley of the Vakh River.

The climate of Eastern Siberia

It is located in the territory from the Yenisey towatershed ridges of the Pacific Ocean. Features of the climate of Eastern Siberia are determined by its position in the temperate and cold belt. That is why it can be characterized as severe and dry. Unlike Western Siberia, the type of climate in Eastern Siberia is sharply continental.

Of great importance for natural conditions is that Eastern Siberia is located mainly in the high and mountainous areas. There are no marshes here, and lowlands are of a rare nature.

The following regions are located in its open spaces: Krasnoyarsk and Zabaikalsky Krai, the Republics of Yakutia, Tuva, Buryatia, as well as the Irkutsk Region. Siberia (Russia) in this part is quite severe, even unpredictable.

Precipitation, wind

In winter, the southern wind direction in Eastern Siberia dominates, bringing with it anticyclones from Asia. The result is the establishment of clear and frosty weather.

In the spring and summer, dry Asian air is alsoprevails in the territory of Eastern Siberia, but, in spite of this, the southern winds often replace the air masses from the east, which bear the sea winds of the Pacific Ocean. And the cold Arctic air is brought to the north.

The weather in Siberia ordered that thethe areas of Eastern Siberia are distributed unevenly. The smallest number in Yakutia: only 250-300 mm per year on almost all the expanses of the republic. The Krasnoyarsk Territory is in some way a record holder. It accounts for the greatest amount of precipitation: from 600-800 mm (west) to 400-500 mm (east). In the rest of Eastern Siberia, the annual amount of moisture dropped is 300-500 mm.

Temperature conditions

Extremely cold in the EasternSiberia is the winter months. The temperature amplitude changes sharply, depending on the transition of the continental climate in the west to the sharply continental climate of Siberia in the east. If in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory the average temperature of the second month of winter is about -18 ° C, then to the north it drops to -28 ° C, and not far from the city of Tour reaches -36 ° C.

North-West of Eastern Siberia has an averagethe temperature of January is about -30 ° C, and on the way to Norilsk and further to the east it drops to -38 ° C. Northern Yakutia, whose average temperature is extremely low, -50 ° C, became the record holder in 1916, when the thermometer showed -82 ° C.

In the south and south-west frosts noticeably weaken. In Yakutsk itself, this is almost imperceptible, but in the Trans-Baikal Territory and Buryatia the average January temperature rises to -24 ...- 28 ° C.

Average temperature of the warmest month of the yearvaries from +1 ... + 7 ° C in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Republic of Yakutia to +8 ... + 14 ° C in the central part and up to +15 ... + 18 ° C in the south. The zone of mountain ranges and hills, typical for such regions as Irkutsk region, Buryatia, Transbaikal region, causes uneven heat distribution. Thus, there are significant differences in the average monthly temperatures of the spring-summer period. On average, in July the thermometer stops at around +13 to +17 ° C. But in some places the temperature range can be much greater.

Siberia (Russia) in its eastern partcharacterized by a cold climate. Winter lasts from 5-6 months (Baikal region) to 7-8 months (the center of Yakutia and the Krasnoyarsk Territory). In the extreme north of summer it is almost impossible to wait, because the winter reigns there for about 11 months. In the central and southern part of Eastern Siberia, the warm season (including spring and autumn) lasts from 1.5-2 to 4 months.

The climate of the northern regions of Siberia

The northern regions are located in the Arctic andsubarctic belts. The territory of the arctic deserts are solid glaciers and impassable snow. There it is impossible to find practically no vegetation. The only oases in this icy realm are mosses and lichens, capable of withstanding a low temperature fluctuation.

The climate of Siberia in this part is greatly influenced by the albedo. The surface of the snow and the ice edge are constantly reflected by the sun's rays, that is, heat is repelled.

Despite the fact that the average number of annual precipitation is small (about 400 mm), the soil is impregnated with moisture and snow is very deep and freezes.

The harsh Arctic climate is exacerbated by the terrible storms and storms that sweep across the territory at enormous speed and leave traces of giant snowdrifts behind them.

Also for this part of Siberia, frequent fogs are typical in the summer season, as evaporation of ocean water from its surface occurs.

Over the summer, the earth does not have time to warm up, and the snow melts very slowly, because the average temperature ranges from 0 to + 3 ° C.

Here you can see such unusual natural phenomena as polar night and the northern lights.

Eternal Frost

Surprisingly, over 60% of Russia's area is covered by permafrost. Basically, this is the area of ​​Eastern Siberia and Transbaikalia.

Permafrost is characterized by the fact that the soilnever thaws completely. In some places it is frozen a thousand meters down. In Yakutia, a record was recorded for the depth of permafrost - 1370 meters.

In Russia there is a Museum of Permafrost with its own dungeon, in which you can consider this amazing phenomenon.

Climate of Southern Siberia

The mountainous relief, located in South Siberia, was the reason for the contrast of the climate.

Continentality increases to the east, where on the slopes there is a lot of precipitation. It is because of them that snow and glaciers of the Western Altai are so widespread.

In winter, the climate of Siberia in this part is characterized bycloudless, sunny weather with low temperatures. Summer is always cool and short, only in the intermontane basins it is dry and hot (the average temperature in July is about +20^aboutFROM).

It is very interesting to answer the question of howaffect the oceans on the climate of Southern Siberia. Despite the fact that Russia has no direct contact with the Atlantic Ocean, it has the greatest impact on the climate of this territory of the country. South Siberia, it carries heavy snowfalls and at the same time a decrease in frost and thaw.

The climate of the Siberian part of Russia is quite severe, but this fact does not prevent it from being the heart of our country.