Environmental monitoring: types and subsystems
Environmental monitoring is a complexobservations that are conducted after the state of the environment, as well as its assessment and forecast of the changes occurring in it under the influence of both anthropogenic and natural factors.
Types of environmental monitoring
Since during the observation of many tasks of different levels, at one time it was suggested to distinguish three of its directions:
- Sanitary and hygienic;
- natural and economic;
- global.
Environmental monitoring: subsystems
The main subspecies of surveillance, conducted by the environment, are:
- Climate monitoring. This service is responsible for monitoring and forecasting climate fluctuations. It covers the ice cover, the atmosphere, the ocean and other parts of the biosphere that affect its formation.
- Geophysical monitoring. This service analyzes data on atmospheric pollution and data from hydrologists and meteorologists.
- Biological monitoring. This service monitors how pollution affects all living organisms.
- Monitoring the health of residents of a given territory. This service monitors, analyzes and predicts the health status of the population.
Levels of monitoring the state of the environment
Environmental monitoring is a multi-level system. Ascending it looks like this:
- Detailed level. Monitoring is carried out in small areas.
- Local level. This system is formed when parts of detailed monitoring are combined into one network. That is, it is already on the territory of a district or a big city.
- Regional level. It covers the territory of several regions within one region or province.
- National level. It is formed by a system of regional monitoring integrated within one country.
- The global level. It combines the monitoring systems of several nations. Its task is to monitor the state of the environment around the world, to predict its changes, including, and as a result of the impact of the anthropogenic factor on the biosphere.
Observation Program
Environmental monitoring is scientifically sound and hasown program. It specifies the objectives of its implementation, specific steps and methods of implementation. The main points of the environmental monitoring program are as follows:
- List of objects that are monitored. Precise indication of their territory.
- List of indicators of ongoing monitoring and the permissible limits of their changes.
And, finally, a time frame, that is, with what periodicity samples should be sampled, and when data should be provided.