Crawler tractors of the USSR. History of tractors in the USSR

In the USSR, the tractor industry wasAttention. Agriculture needed speedy mechanization, and there were no own factories in the country. Aware of the need to increase labor productivity in the countryside, Lenin signed the corresponding decree "On a single tractor farm" in 1920. Already in 1922, small-scale production of domestic models "Kolomenets" and "Zaporozhets" began. The first tractors of the USSR were technically imperfect and low-power, but after two five-year plans in the construction of profile enterprises, a breakthrough came.

"Russian" first-born

Russia has always been famous for its inventors, butfar from all the ideas could be implemented in practice. In the 18th century, the agronomist IM Komov raised the topic of mechanization of agriculture. In the middle of the XIX century, VP Guriev, and then DA Zagryazhsky developed steam tractors for plowing. In 1888, FA Blinov made and tested the first steam tractor on caterpillar tracks. However, the device turned out to be unnecessarily cumbersome. However, officially the year of birth of the Russian tractor construction is considered to be the 1896th, when the world's first steam caterpillar tractor was publicly shown at the Nizhny Novgorod fair.

At the threshold of the twentieth century, the designer Ya. V. Mamin (a pupil of Blinov) invented a compression-free high compression engine that runs on heavy fuel. He like no other suitable for use in wheeled vehicles. In 1911, he also assembled the first domestic tractor with an 18-kilowatt internal combustion engine, which received the patriotic name "Russian". After the upgrade, a more powerful engine appeared on it - 33 kW. Their small-scale production was established at the Balakovo plant - until 1914, about 100 units were produced.

In addition to Balakovo, piece tractors were produced inBryansk, Kolomna, Rostov, Kharkov, Barvenkov, Kichkasse and a number of other settlements. But the total production of all tractors at domestic enterprises was so small that it practically did not affect the situation in agriculture. In 1913, the total amount of this technique is estimated at 165 copies. But foreign agricultural equipment was actively purchased: by the year 1917, 1,500 tractors had been imported into the Russian Empire.

History of tractors in the USSR

At the initiative of Lenin development and productionmechanized agricultural machinery was given special attention. The principle of a single tractor farm meant not only the production of "iron horses", as the tractors called, but also a set of measures for the organization of research and testing facilities, the organization of spare parts supply and repair, the opening of courses for masters, instructors and tractor drivers.

The first tractor in the USSR was produced by Kolomensky Plantin 1922. The head of the project was the founder of the national school of tractor construction, ED Lvov. The wheeled car was named "Kolomenets-1" and symbolized the beginning of a new era in the countryside. Lenin, despite the serious illness, personally congratulated the designers with success.

In the same year in Kichkasse the enterprise "Redprogress "was made by the tractor" Zaporozhets ". The model was imperfect. Only one rear wheel was leading. A low-power two-stroke engine at 8.8 kW accelerated the "iron horse" to 3.4 km / h. The transfer was only one, front. The power on the hook is 4.4 kW. But this vehicle greatly facilitated the work of the villagers.

The legendary inventor Mamin was not sitting idle. He perfected his pre-revolutionary design. In 1924 the USSR tractors replenished with models of the family "Karlik":

Three-wheeled "Dwarf-1" with one transmission and a speed of 3-4 km / h.
Four-wheeled "Dwarf-2" with a reverse.

Taking the foreign experience

While the tractors of the USSR "increased their muscles", andSoviet designers have mastered a new direction for themselves, the government decided to establish a license for licensing foreign technology. In 1923 a caterpillar Kommunar, which was the heir of the German model Ganomag Z-50, was launched at the Kharkov plant. Basically, they were used in the army to transport artillery guns until 1945 (and later).

In 1924, the Leningrad plant "RedPutilovets "(future Kirovsky) mastered the production of cheap and constructively simple" American "firm" Fordzon ". Old Soviet tractors of this brand have proved themselves quite well. They were superior to the characteristics of both Zaporozhets and Kolomenets. The carbureted kerosene engine (14.7 kW) developed speed up to 10.8 km / h, the power on the hook was 6.6 kW. The transmission is three-speed. The model was produced before 1932. In fact, this was the first large-scale production of this technique.

Construction of tractor plants

It became obvious that in order to provide collective farmsIt is necessary to build specialized plants combining science, design bureaus and production facilities with productive tractors. The initiator of the project was F. E. Dzerzhinsky. According to the concept, new enterprises were planned to equip with modern equipment and to produce massively cheap and reliable models on wheeled and caterpillar traction.

The first large-scale production of tractors inThe USSR was established in Stalingrad. In the future, the capacities of the Kharkov and Leningrad plants were significantly expanded. Large enterprises appeared in Chelyabinsk, Minsk, Barnaul and other cities of the USSR.

Stalingrad Tractor Plant

Stalingrad became a city where from scratch builtthe first large tractor plant. Thanks to the strategic position (at the intersection of supplies of Baku oil, Ural metal and Donbass coal) and the availability of an army of skilled labor, he won the competition from Kharkov, Rostov, Zaporozhye, Voronezh, Taganrog. In 1925, a decision was made to build a modern enterprise, and in 1930 the legendary wheeled tractors of the USSR of the STZ-1 brand descended from the conveyor. In the future, there was a wide range of wheeled and caterpillar models.

The Soviet period includes:

STZ-1 (wheeled, 1930).
SCTZ 15/30 (wheeled, 1930).
STZ-3 (caterpillar, 1937).
SCHTZ-NATI (caterpillar, 1937).
DT-54 (tracked, 1949).
DT-75 (tracked, 1963).
DT-175 (tracked, 1986).

In 2005 Volgograd Tractor (formerly STZ) was declared bankrupt. His successor was VGTZ.

DT-54

Crawler tractors of the USSR in the middle of the 20th centuryThey became very popular, in terms of the number of models they outperformed the wheeled ones. A magnificent example of general-purpose agricultural machinery is the DT-54 tractor, produced in 1949-1979. They produced it at Stalingrad, Kharkov and Altai plants with a total of 957,900 units. He "starred" in many films ("Ivan Brovkin on the Virgin Lands", "The Case was in Penkov", "Red Kalina" and others), installed as a monument in dozens of settlements.

The engine of mark D-54 in-line, four-cylinder,four-stroke, liquid cooling, on the frame is fixed rigidly. The engine speed is 1300 rpm (54 hp). The five-speed three-way transmission with the main clutch is connected by a cardan gear. Working speed: 3,59-7,9 km / hour, pulling force: 1000-2850 kg.

Kharkov Tractor Plant

Construction KhTW them. Sergo Ordzhonikidze began in 1930, 15 kilometers east of Kharkov. In total, the construction of the giant took 15 months. The first tractor left the conveyor on October 1, 1931 - it was a borrowed model of the Stalingrad SMTZ plant 15/30. But the main task was to create a domestic tractor of the "Caterpillar" type with a capacity of 50 horsepower. Here, a team of designer PI Andrusenko developed a promising diesel unit that could be put on all caterpillar tractors of the USSR. In 1937, the plant launched a modernized caterpillar model on the basis of the SCHTZ-NATI. The main innovation was a more economical and thus more efficient diesel engine.

With the beginning of the war, the company was evacuated toBarnaul, where the Altai Tractor Plant was established on its base. After the liberation of Kharkov in 1944, production was resumed on the previous site - the legendary Soviet tractors of the SCHTZ-NATI model again went into the series. The basic models of the Soviet-era CWT are:

SCTZ 15/30 (wheeled, 1930).
SZZT-NATI ITA (caterpillar, 1937).
HTZ-7 (wheeled, 1949).
HTZ-DT-54 (caterpillar, 1949).
DT-14 (caterpillar, 1955).
T-75 (tracked, 1960).
T-74 (tracked, 1962).
T-125 (tracked, 1962).

In the 1970s, the Khartsyzsk Tractor Plant carried out areconstruction, production did not stop there. The emphasis was on the production of "three-toners" T-150K (wheeled) and T-150 (caterpillar). The energy-saturated T-150K tested in the USA (1979) showed the best performance among the world's analogues, proving that the tractors of the times of the USSR were not inferior to foreign ones. In the late 80's, the models XTZ-180 and KhTZ-200 were developed: they are 20% more economical than the 150 series, and 50% more efficient.

T-150

Tractors of the USSR were famous for their reliability. So the universal high-speed tractor T-150 (T-150K) has earned a good reputation. It has a wide range of applications: transport, road construction, agriculture. It is still used for transportation of cargoes on difficult impassability, in work on fields (plowing, peeling, cultivation, etc.), on excavation. It is capable of transporting trailers with a carrying capacity of 10-20 tons. For the T-150 (K), a turbocharged 6-cylinder diesel engine with a V-shaped liquid-cooled configuration has been specially developed.

Specifications T-150K:

Width / length / height, m. - 2,4 / 5,6 / 3,2.
Track width, m. - 1,7 / 1,8.
Weight, t. - 7,5 / 8,1.
Power, hp - 150.
The maximum speed, km / hour - 31.

Minsk Tractor Works

The MTZ was founded on May 29, 1946,perhaps, the most successful enterprise at the moment, which has retained capacity since the times of the USSR. At the end of 2013, over 21,000 people worked here. The plant holds 8-10% of the world market of tractors and is strategic for Belarus. It produces a wide range of vehicles under the brand name "Belarus". By the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union, almost 3 million pieces of equipment had been produced.

KD-35 (caterpillar, 1950).
KT-12 (caterpillar, 1951).
MTZ-1, MTZ-2 (wheeled, 1954).
TDT-40 (caterpillar, 1956).
MTZ-5 (wheeled, 1956).
MTZ-7 (wheeled, 1957).

In 1960, a large-scale reconstruction beganMinsk factory. In parallel with the installation of new equipment, designers worked on the introduction of promising models of tractors: MTZ-50 and a more powerful MTZ-52 with four-wheel drive. In the series they went, respectively, in 1961 and 1964. Since 1967, the caterpillar modification of the T-54B has been produced in different designs. If we talk about the unusual tractors of the USSR, then these can be considered modifications of the cotton MTZ-50X with twin front wheels and high ground clearance, which have been produced since 1969, as well as the steep MTZ-82K.

The next stage was the MTZ-80 line (since 1974year) - the most massive in the world, and special modifications MTZ-82R, MTZ-82N. Since the mid-80s, MTZ has mastered over a hundred horsepower: MTZ-102 (100 hp), MTZ-142 (150 hp), and low-power mini tractors: 5, 6, 8, 12, 22 l. from.

KD-35

Crawler tractor is differentcompact size, easy operation and repair. Widely used in agriculture of the USSR and in the Warsaw Treaty countries. Purpose - working with a plow and other attachments. Since 1950, the modification KDP-35 was produced, differing in the smaller track width, wider track and increased ground clearance.

A sufficiently powerful D-35 engine, respectively,gave out 37 liters. With., the gearbox had 5 steps (one back, five forward). The engine was economical: the average consumption of diesel fuel per 1 hectare was 13 liters. A tank of fuel was enough for 10 hours of work - this was enough to plow 6 hectares of land. Since 1959 the model was equipped with a modernized power unit D-40 (45 hp) and an increased speed (1600 rpm). Also increased the reliability of the running gear.

Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant Before the War

Talking about tractors of the USSR, it is impossible to bypassthe history of the Chelyabinsk plant, which made a significant contribution to the release of peaceful technology, and during the Great Patriotic War, became a smithy of tanks and "self-propelled guns." The famous ChTZ was built in an open field far from the main roads with the help of picks, crowbars and shovels. The decision to build was made in May 1929 at the 14th Congress of Soviets of the USSR. In June 1929 the Leningrad GIPROMEZ started work on the plant's project. The design of ChTZ was carried out taking into account the experience of American auto and tractor enterprises, mainly Caterpillar.

From February to November 1930 was built andcommissioned a pilot plant. This happened on November 7, 1930. The date of foundation of ChTZ is August 10, 1930, when the first foundations of the foundry were laid. June 1, 1933 on the line of readiness the first caterpillar tractor of workers of Chelyabinsk - "Stalinets-60" left. In 1936, more than 61,000 tractors were produced. Now it is a retro-tractor of the USSR, and in the 30s the C-60 model surpassed the analogues of the Stalingrad and Kharkov plants by almost half.

In 1937, incidentally mastering the production of diesel enginesC-60, the plant switched to the production of more economical C-65 tractors. A year later, this tractor was awarded the highest award "Grand Prix" at the exhibition in Paris, and was also used for the filming of the cult Soviet film "Tractor". In 1940, the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant was ordered to switch to the production of military products - tanks, self-propelled units, engines, spare parts.

Postwar History

Despite the difficulties of wartime,tractor manufacturers did not forget about their favorite business. There was an idea: why not use the experience of Americans? After all, in the US during the war the production of tractors did not stop. The analysis showed that the best of the models of American tractors is the D-7. In 1944, the development of documentation and design began.

In 2 years, simultaneously with the reconstructionOn January 5, 1946 the first S-80 tractor was produced. By 1948, the restructuring of the enterprise was completed, 20-25 units of caterpillar machinery were produced per day. In 1955, the design bureaus began work on the creation of a new, more powerful tractor C-100 and continued work to increase the longevity of the S-80 tractor.

Models:

C-60 (tracked, 1933).
C-65 (tracked, 1937).
C-80 (tracked, 1946).
C-100 (caterpillar, 1956).
DET-250 (tracked, 1957).
T-100M (tracked, 1963).
T-130 (tracked, 1969).
T-800 (caterpillar, 1983).
T-170 (tracked, 1988).
DET-250M2 (caterpillar, 1989);
T-10 (caterpillar, 1990).

DET-250

In the late 50's the task was set: design and manufacture for testing the prototype of a tractor with a capacity of 250 horsepower. From the first steps, the authors of the new model abandoned traditional and well-known ways. For the first time in the practice of the Soviet tractor-building they created a hermetic and comfortable air-conditioned cabin. Heavy driver could drive with one hand. The result was an excellent DET-250 tractor. The Committee of the Council of the All-Union Exhibition of Economic Achievements of the USSR awarded the plant for this model with the Gold Medal and the Diploma of the 1st degree.

Other manufacturers

Of course, not all of thetractor plants. Tractors of the USSR and Russia were also produced and produced in the Altai (Barnaul), Kirov (Petersburg), Onega (Petrozavodsk), Uzbek (Tashkent) TZ, in Bryansk, Vladimir, Kolomna, Lipetsk, Moscow, Cheboksary, Dnepropetrovsk (Ukraine), Tokmak ( Ukraine), Pavlodar (Kazakhstan) and other cities.